Fighter Command was established in July 1936 under the command of Sir Hugh Dowding. During World War Two, Fighter Command’s finest hour was in the Battle of Britain.
Sir Hugh Dowding |
From 1936 on, tension in Europe grew as Hitler became more expansionist. This led to the RAF reorganising itself and Fighter Command, as a specific entity within the RAF, was established with its headquarters at Bentley Priory, at Stanmore, Middlesex. The other components of the RAF were Bomber Command and Coastal Command.
Fighter Command was organised into a number of groups, each of which was responsible for a specific geographical area of Britain.
10 Group covered Wales and the south-west of England. It was commanded by Air Vice-Marshall Sir Quintin Brand.
11 Group covered London and the south-east and did great deal of the fighting in the famous battle. 11 Group was commanded by Air Vice-Marshall Keith Park. 12 Group, commanded by Air Vice-Marshall Trafford Leigh-Mallory, controlled the Midlands, East Anglia and northern England up to Yorkshire and Lancashire 13 Group covered parts of northern England not covered by 12 Group and southern Scotland and Northern Ireland. It was commanded by Air Vice-Marshall Richard Saul. |
Each group itself was subdivided in an effort to make it easier to have tactical control. These subdivisions were called sectors and each one had a main fighter air base and a number of other satellite fighter bases attached to it. Each main fighter base had an operations room with maintenance and repair facilities for the planes attached to its sector.
At the heart of each sector and group was Bentley Priory. Information on incoming German attacks received from the Royal Observer Corps and radar stations was sent to Bentley Priory. The commanders there decided on what group to involve and once activated, the group commander would then have control of his geographic sector and would decide on which sectors to use.
The success or otherwise of this command structure was tested to the limit during the Battle of Britain. The fact that Britain won this battle is indicative of how effective the command structure was – regardless of how close the battle was. Though Fighter Command continued to play its part in World War Two, it was never to have such a vital role as in the autumn of 1940 – hence Winston Churchill’s tribute to the men in Fighter Command:
“Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few” |
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